After more than a thousand years, urban civilization has again appeared in the history of the sub-continent, centred in the well-organized states which now cover northern India.
Of all ancient civilizations, this is by some measure the most religiously precocious. The foundations of Hinduism have been well laid, and the Vedas form the corpus of Hindu scriptures. However, the religious assumptions that underpin them are being challenged from various quarters. Two teachings of enduring significance emerge from the spiritual and philosophical tensions within the complex world of Indian religion at this time. These are Buddhism, which will be one of the most influential faiths in world history, and Jainism.
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